Ironically, while cosmologists will propose the possible existence of completely dark galaxies [27] when bridge like filaments are present but no companion is evident, the bridges are immediately dismissed as evidence for interaction if there is a
significant difference in redshift between the two apparently connected objects. For example Borchkhadze et al [30] presented
a study of 16 interacting galaxy systems and noted for ESO 234-19 that “The reproduction (figure 1i) shows a diffuse object between them. However, the radial velocities differ with about 2200 km s-1 so that a connection is probably excluded.” It should be noted in both the NGC 7603 and NEQ3 case that if the companion galaxy is removed as a candidate, then there is no candidate to explain the formation of the bridge unless a hypothesis such as that of [27] is adopted.
Moreover, the velocity dispersion in the relevant part of the cluster is so high that this velocity difference is not unusual.
"If I could have my pick, I would like to learn that Newton's laws must be modified in order to correctly describe gravitational interactions at large distances. That's more appealing than a universe filled with a new kind of sub-nuclear particle."
What do you think of the ATM case for NGC 1275?
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